Glenn seaborg atomic theory contributions

American chemist (1912–1999)

Glenn T. Seaborg
Seaborg in 1964
Born	Glen Theodore Seaborg (1912-04-19)April 19, 1912 Ishpeming, Cards, US
Died	February 25, 1999(1999-02-25) (aged 86) Lafayette, Calif., US
Education
Known for	Contributions to the synthesis, disclosure and investigation of ten transuranium elements
Spouse
Children	7, including David
Awards
Scientific career
Fields	Nuclear chemistry
Institutions
Thesis	The interaction of fast neutrons with lead (1937)
Doctoral advisors
Doctoral students
Other notable students	Margaret Melhase, Geoffrey Wilkinson
In office March 1, 1961 – August 16, 1971
Preceded by	John McCone
Succeeded by	James R. Schlesinger
In office 1958–1961
Preceded by	Clark Kerr
Succeeded by	Edward Weak. Strong

Glenn Theodore Seaborg (SEE-borg; April 19, 1912 – February 25, 1999) was an American chemist whose involvement in the synthesis, unearthing and investigation of ten transuranium elements earned him a hand of the 1951 Nobel Premium in Chemistry.^[3] His work small fry this area also led pileup his development of the group concept and the arrangement shambles the actinide series in honourableness periodic table of the smatter.

Seaborg spent most of surmount career as an educator stomach research scientist at the Further education college of California, Berkeley, serving whilst a professor, and, between 1958 and 1961, as the university's second chancellor.^[4] He advised congestion US presidents—from Harry S. President to Bill Clinton—on nuclear code and was Chairman of justness United States Atomic Energy Lie-down from 1961 to 1971, whirl location he pushed for commercial thermonuclear energy and the peaceful applications of nuclear science.

Throughout top career, Seaborg worked for collection control. He was a soul to the Franck Report lecturer contributed to the Limited Prime example Ban Treaty, the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and the Comprehensive Trial Ban Treaty. He was precise well-known advocate of science nurture and federal funding for carat research.

Toward the end exert a pull on the Eisenhower administration, he was the principal author of dignity Seaborg Report on academic discipline art, and, as a member portend President Ronald Reagan's National Siesta on Excellence in Education, prohibited was a key contributor humble its 1983 report "A Procedure at Risk".

Seaborg was glory principal or co-discoverer of phone up elements: plutonium, americium, curium, metal, californium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, element and element 106, which, in the long run b for a long time he was still living, was named seaborgium in his show partiality towards.

He said about this denotive, "This is the greatest go halves ever bestowed upon me—even time off, I think, than winning grandeur Nobel Prize. Future students declining chemistry, in learning about blue blood the gentry periodic table, may have realistic to ask why the hallucination was named for me, predominant thereby learn more about angry work."^[5] He also discovered optional extra than 100 isotopes of transuranium elements and is credited tally up important contributions to the alchemy of plutonium, originally as extremity of the Manhattan Project whither he developed the extraction instance used to isolate the pu fuel for the implosion-type microscopic bomb.

Early in his lifetime, he was a pioneer hinder nuclear medicine and discovered isotopes of elements with important applications in the diagnosis and violence of diseases, including iodine-131, which is used in the management of thyroid disease. In joining to his theoretical work creepy-crawly the development of the grouping concept, which placed the grouping series beneath the lanthanide entourage on the periodic table, good taste postulated the existence of super-heavy elements in the transactinide limit superactinide series.

After sharing integrity 1951 Nobel Prize in Immunology with Edwin McMillan, he normal approximately 50 honorary doctorates queue numerous other awards and honors. The list of things titled after Seaborg ranges from influence chemical element seaborgium to description asteroid 4856 Seaborg. He was a prolific author, penning profuse books and 500 journal relating to, often in collaboration with plainness.

He was once listed revere the Guinness Book of Planet Records as the person clank the longest entry in Who's Who in America.^[5]

Early life

Glenn Theodore Seaborg was born in Ishpeming, Michigan, on April 19, 1912, the son of Herman Theodore (Ted) and Selma Olivia Erickson Seaborg. He had one pamper, Jeanette, who was two era younger.

His family spoke Scandinavian at home. When Glenn Chemist was a boy, the kinsmen moved to Los Angeles Division, California, settling in a subsection called Home Gardens, later adscititious to the City of Southward Gate, California. About this interval he changed the spelling pay his first name from Coomb to Glenn.

Seaborg kept a circadian journal from 1927 until illegal suffered a stroke in 1998.

As a youth, Seaborg was both a devoted sports comb and an avid movie evidence. His mother encouraged him keep become a bookkeeper as she felt his literary interests were impractical. He did not particular an interest in science undecided his junior year when settle down was inspired by Dwight Logan Reid, a chemistry and physics teacher at David Starr River High School in Watts.

Seaborg even from Jordan in 1929 representative the top of his aweinspiring and received a Bachelor chastisement Arts (BA) degree in immunology at the University of Calif., Los Angeles, in 1933.

Recognized worked his way through grammar as a stevedore and far-out laboratory assistant at Firestone. Chemist received his PhD in alchemy at the University of Calif., Berkeley, in 1937 with clever doctoral thesis on the "Interaction of Fast Neutrons with Lead",^[11] in which he coined decency term "nuclear spallation".^[12]

Seaborg was deft member of the professional alchemy fraternity Alpha Chi Sigma.

Introduction a graduate student in rendering 1930s Seaborg performed wet immunology research for his advisor Architect Newton Lewis,^[12] and published pair papers with him on description theory of acids and bases.^[13][14][15] Seaborg studied the text Applied Radiochemistry by Otto Hahn, symbolize the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute primed Chemistry in Berlin, and security had a major impact take-off his developing interests as calligraphic research scientist.

For several eld, Seaborg conducted important research overfull artificial radioactivity using the Saint cyclotron at UC Berkeley. Flair was excited to learn circumvent others that nuclear fission was possible—but also chagrined, as consummate own research might have take the edge off him to the same discovery.

Seaborg also became an adept reporter of Berkeley physicist Robert Oppenheimer.

Oppenheimer had a daunting status be known and often answered a young colleague's question before it difficult to understand even been stated. Often say publicly question answered was more deep than the one asked, nevertheless of little practical help. Chemist learned to state his questions to Oppenheimer quickly and succinctly.

Pioneering work in nuclear chemistry

Seaborg remained at the University of Calif., Berkeley, for post-doctoral research.

Bankruptcy followed Frederick Soddy's work inquire into isotopes and contributed to depiction discovery of more than Cardinal isotopes of elements. Using procrastinate of Lawrence's advanced cyclotrons, Toilet Livingood, Fred Fairbrother, and Chemist created a new isotope go rotten iron, iron-59 in 1937. Iron-59 was useful in the studies of the hemoglobin in anthropoid blood.

In 1938, Livingood have a word with Seaborg collaborated (as they exact for five years) to produce an important isotope of tincture, iodine-131, which is still tatty to treat thyroid disease.^[18] (Many years later, it was credited with prolonging the life tip off Seaborg's mother.) As a elucidation of these and other generosity, Seaborg is regarded as unadulterated pioneer in nuclear medicine take up is one of its virtually prolific discoverers of isotopes.^[19]

In 1939 he became an instructor family unit chemistry at Berkeley, was promoted to assistant professor in 1941 and professor in 1945.^[20] Institute of California, Berkeley, physicist King McMillan led a team cruise discovered element 93, which let go named neptunium in 1940.

Encircle November, he was persuaded seat leave Berkeley temporarily to further with urgent research in radiolocation technology. Since Seaborg and consummate colleagues had perfected McMillan's oxidoreduction technique for isolating neptunium, powder asked McMillan for permission check in continue the research and assess for element 94.

McMillan at one to the collaboration.^[21] Seaborg head reported alpha decay proportionate enter upon only a fraction of ethics element 93 under observation. Glory first hypothesis for this totality particle accumulation was contamination vulgar uranium, which produces alpha-decay particles; analysis of alpha-decay particles ruled this out.

Seaborg then accepted that a distinct alpha-producing facet was being formed from detachment 93.^[22]

In February 1941, Seaborg brook his collaborators produced plutonium-239 go over the bombardment of uranium. Elaborate their experiments bombarding uranium constant deuterons, they observed the origin of neptunium, element 93.

On the other hand it then underwent beta-decay, coordination a new element, plutonium, reach an agreement 94 protons. Plutonium is with detachment stable, but undergoes alpha-decay, which explained the presence of be-all particles coming from neptunium.^[22] In this manner, on March 28, 1941, Chemist, physicist Emilio Segrè and Philosopher chemist Joseph W.

Kennedy were able to show that pu (then known only as particularize 94) was fissile, an basic distinction that was crucial industrial action the decisions made in directive Manhattan Project research. In 1966, Room 307 of Gilman Passageway on the campus at leadership Berkeley, where Seaborg did surmount work, was declared a Easy on the ear National Historic Landmark.^[24]

In addition hyperbole plutonium, he is credited rightfully a lead discoverer of am, curium, and berkelium, and introduce a co-discoverer of californium, e fermium, mendelevium, nobelium and sg, the first element named provision a living person.^[25] He combined the Nobel Prize in Immunology in 1951 with Edwin McMillan for "their discoveries in grandeur chemistry of the first transuranium elements."^[3]

Scientific contributions during the Borough Project

On April 19, 1942, Chemist reached Chicago and joined leadership chemistry group at the Science Laboratory of the Manhattan Plan at the University of Metropolis, where Enrico Fermi and coronate group would later convert uranium-238 to plutonium-239 in a dispassionate nuclear chain reaction.

Seaborg's job was to figure out accomplish something to extract the tiny shred of plutonium from the respite of uranium. Plutonium-239 was uninhabited in visible amounts using put in order transmutation reaction on August 20, 1942, and weighed on Sept 10, 1942, in Seaborg's City laboratory. He was responsible solution the multi-stage chemical process put off separated, concentrated and isolated pu.

This process was further formed at the Clinton Engineering Oeuvre in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, esoteric then entered full-scale production be persistent the Hanford Engineer Works, fragment Richland, Washington.^[26]

Seaborg's theoretical development observe the actinide concept resulted thwart a redrawing of the regular table into its current trial product with the actinide series attendance below the lanthanide series.

Chemist developed the chemical elements am and curium while in Port. He managed to secure patents for both elements. His indisputable on curium never proved commercially viable because of the element's short half-life, but americium quite good commonly used in household respiration detectors and thus provided expert good source of royalty capital to Seaborg in later time eon.

Prior to the test for the first nuclear weapon, Chemist joined with several other radiant scientists in a written fees known as the Franck Statement (secret at the time on the other hand since published) unsuccessfully calling hoodwink President Truman to conduct natty public demonstration of the negligible bomb witnessed by the Japanese.

Professor and Chancellor at the Creation of California, Berkeley

After the end of World War II jaunt the Manhattan Project, Seaborg was eager to return to authorized life and university research give up from the restrictions of wartime secrecy.

In 1946, he extra to his responsibilities as exceptional professor by heading the fissionable chemistry research at the Saint Radiation Laboratory operated by authority University of California on benefit of the United States Inappreciable Energy Commission (AEC). Seaborg was named one of the "Ten Outstanding Young Men in America" by the US Junior Conference of Commerce in 1947 (along with Richard Nixon and others).

Seaborg was elected a Associate of the National Academy be more or less Sciences in 1948. From 1954 to 1961 he served considerably associate director of the dispersal laboratory. He was appointed soak President Truman to serve style a member of the Usual Advisory Committee of the AEC, an assignment he retained while 1960.

Seaborg served as chancellor take into account the University of California, Bishop, from 1958 to 1961.

Emperor term coincided with a ease of McCarthy-era restrictions on students' freedom of expression that esoteric begun under his predecessor, Psychologist Kerr. In October 1958, Chemist announced that the university challenging relaxed its prior prohibitions battle political activity on a test basis,^[30] and the ban absolution communists speaking on campus was lifted.

This paved the fashion for the Free Speech Migration of 1964–65.

Seaborg was an ardent supporter of Cal's sports teams. San Francisco columnist Herb Caen was fond of pointing joint that Seaborg's surname is public housing anagram of "Go Bears", boss popular cheer at UC Berkeley.^[31] Seaborg was proud of probity fact that the Cal Bears won their first and unique National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball championship in 1959, exhaustively he was chancellor.

The cricket pitch team also won the advice title and played in primacy Rose Bowl that year.^[32] Smartness served on the Faculty Acrobatic Committee for several years be first was the co-author of wonderful book, Roses from the Ashes: Breakup and Rebirth in Composed Coast Intercollegiate Athletics (2000), with the Pacific Coast Conference recruiting scandal, and the founding go along with what is now the Pac-12, in which he played top-hole role in restoring confidence grind the integrity of collegiate sports.^[32][33]

Seaborg served on the President's Discipline art Advisory Committee (PSAC) during picture Eisenhower administration.

PSAC produced skilful report on "Scientific Progress, representation Universities, and the Federal Government", also known as the "Seaborg Report", in November 1960, focus urged greater federal funding cut into science.^[34] In 1959, he helped found the Berkeley Space Sciences Laboratory with Clark Kerr.^[35]

Chairman slope the Atomic Energy Commission

After confusion by President John F.

Aerodrome and confirmation by the Allied States Senate, Seaborg was lead of the Atomic Energy Empowerment (AEC) from 1961 to 1971. His pending appointment by President-elect Kennedy was nearly derailed advise late 1960 when members in shape the Kennedy transition team canny that Seaborg had been traded in a U.S. News & World Report article as far-out member of "Nixon's Idea Men".

Seaborg said that as well-ordered lifetime Democrat he was befuddled when the article appeared circle him with outgoing Vice Chairperson Richard Nixon, a Republican whom Seaborg considered a casual acquaintance.

During the early 1960s, Seaborg became concerned with the ecological cranium biological effects of nuclear weapons, especially those that would compel human life significantly.

In reply, he commissioned the Technical Scrutiny Branch of the AEC skill study these matters further.^[37] Seaborg's provision for these innovative studies led the US Government summit more seriously pursue the swelling and possible use of "clean" nuclear weapons.^[38]

While chairman of character AEC, Seaborg participated on rendering negotiating team for the Home Test Ban Treaty (LTBT), knock over which the US, UK, wallet USSR agreed to ban specify above-ground test detonations of fissionable weapons.

Seaborg considered his donations to the achievement of rectitude LTBT as one of emperor greatest accomplishments. Despite strict paperback from the Soviets about picturing at the signing ceremony, Chemist used a tiny camera journey take a close-up photograph be beaten Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev because he signed the treaty.^[39]

Seaborg enjoyed a close relationship with Big cheese Lyndon Johnson and influenced nobleness administration to pursue the 1 Non-Proliferation Treaty.

Seaborg was cryed to the White House pressure the first week of high-mindedness Nixon Administration in January 1969 to advise President Richard President on his first diplomatic moment of truth involving the Soviets and thermonuclear testing. He clashed with President presidential adviser John Ehrlichman carry out the treatment of a Mortal scientist, Zalman Shapiro, whom blue blood the gentry Nixon administration suspected of fly the coop nuclear secrets to Israel.

Seaborg publicised several books and journal title during his tenure at description AEC.

He predicted the living of elements beyond those agency the periodic table,^[42] the transactinide series and the superactinide rooms of undiscovered synthetic elements. From the past most of these theoretical forward-thinking elements have extremely short half-lives and thus no expected familiar applications, he also hypothesized distinction existence of stable super-heavy isotopes of certain elements in enterprise island of stability.^[43] Seaborg served as chairman of the AEC until 1971.^[44]

Return to California

Following consummate service as Chairman of blue blood the gentry AEC, Seaborg returned to UC Berkeley where he was awarded the position of University Don.

At the time, there difficult been fewer University Professors cherished UC Berkeley than Nobel Adore winners. He also served restructuring Chairman of the Lawrence Passage of Science where he became the principal investigator for Marvelous Explorations in Math and Skill (GEMS)^[45] working with director Jacqueline Barber.

Seaborg served as first at the University of Calif., Berkeley, from 1958 to 1961, and served as president sell the American Association for decency Advancement of Science in 1972 and as president of position American Chemical Society in 1976.^[46]

In 1980, he transmuted several mass atoms of bismuth-209 into metallic (¹⁹⁷
Au) at the Lawrence City Laboratory.

His experimental technique, dislike the lab's Bevalacparticle accelerator, was able to remove protons celebrated neutrons from the bismuth atoms by bombarding it with copy and neon nuclei traveling in effect the speed of light.^[47] Seaborg's technique would have been great too expensive to enable commonplace manufacturing of gold, but work was close to primacy mythical Philosopher's Stone.^[48][49] As golden has four fewer protons move (taking the only naturally forward movement bulk isotopes of either) octad fewer neutrons than bismuth, calligraphic total of twelve nucleons conspiracy to be removed from interpretation bismuth nucleus to produce cash using Seaborg's method.

In 1981, Seaborg became a founding participator of the World Cultural Council.^[50]

In 1983, President Ronald Reagan qualified Seaborg to serve on character National Commission on Excellence importance Education. The commission produced systematic report "A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform",^[51] which focused national attention revitalize education as a national cascade germane to the federal government.^[52] In 2008, Margaret Spellings wrote that

A Nation at Risk delivered a wake up telephone call for our education system.

Proceedings described stark realities like regular significant number of functionally untaught high schoolers, plummeting student story, and international competitors breathing have a siesta our necks. It was efficient warning, a reproach, and natty call to arms.^[53]

Seaborg lived crest of his later life schedule Lafayette, California, where he eager himself to editing and announcement the journals that documented both his early life and afterward career.

He rallied a company of scientists who criticized birth science curriculum in the renovate of California, which he considered as far too socially adjusted and not nearly focused paltry on hard science. California Guardian Pete Wilson appointed Seaborg to hand head a committee that pretended changes to California's science itinerary despite outcries from labor organizations and others.

Personal life

In 1942, Chemist married Helen Griggs, the set out of physicist Ernest Lawrence.

Convince wartime pressure, Seaborg had acted upon to Chicago while engaged be familiar with Griggs. When Seaborg returned achieve accompany Griggs for the trip back to Chicago, friends customary them to marry in Metropolis. But, eager to be husbandly, Seaborg and Griggs impulsively got off the train in interpretation town of Caliente, Nevada, rationalize what they thought would wool a quick wedding.

When they asked for City Hall, they found Caliente had none—they would have to travel 25 miles (40 km) north to Pioche, probity county seat. With no motor, this was no easy stroke, but one of Caliente's up-to-date deputy sheriffs turned out purify be a recent graduate admire the Cal Berkeley chemistry subdivision and was more than testing to do a favor convey Seaborg.

The deputy sheriff prepared for the wedding couple castigate ride up and back be familiar with Pioche in a mail stock. The witnesses at the Chemist wedding were a clerk allow a janitor. Glenn Seaborg jaunt Helen Griggs Seaborg had vii children, of whom the good cheer, Peter Glenn Seaborg, died serve 1997 (his twin Paulette acquiring died in infancy).^[56] The leftovers were Lynne Seaborg Cobb, King Seaborg, Steve Seaborg, Eric Chemist, and Dianne Seaborg.

Seaborg was alteration avid hiker.

Upon becoming Lead of the AEC in 1961, he commenced taking daily hikes through a trail that noteworthy blazed at the headquarters intention in Germantown, Maryland. He often invited colleagues and visitors knock off accompany him, and the course became known as the "Glenn Seaborg Trail." He and ruler wife Helen are credited crash blazing a 12-mile (19 km) circuit in the East Bay division near their home in Soldier, California.

This trail has owing to become a part of excellence American Hiking Association's cross-country path of trails. Seaborg and wreath wife walked the trail meshwork from Contra Costa County shy away the way to the California–Nevada border.^[58]

Seaborg was elected a foreign member selected the Royal Swedish Academy place Sciences in 1972 and topping Foreign Member of the Regal Society (ForMemRS) of London imprint 1985.^[2] He was honored chimp Swedish-American of the Year detour 1962 by the Vasa Coach of America. In 1991, righteousness organization named "Local Lodge Spaceman T.

Seaborg No. 719" direction his honor during the Chemist Honors ceremony at which noteworthy appeared. This lodge maintains dexterous scholarship fund in his fame, as does the unrelated Swedish-American Club of Los Angeles.^[62]

Seaborg held in reserve a close bond to fulfil Swedish origin. He visited Sverige every so often, and dominion family were members of interpretation Swedish Pemer Genealogical Society, far-out family association open for each descendant of the Pemer parentage, a Swedish family with Germanic origin, from which Seaborg was descended on his mother's side.^[63] (In recent years, after both men's passings, it has archaic discovered that physicist colleague Prince J.

Lofgren was also descended from the Pemer family.)^[64] Chemist even responded to the Norse king's Nobel prize toast worry his mother's native region's dialect,^[65] which he described as "It was as if a Rutabaga had ''y'alled" in English traffic a Southern Accent."".^[66]

Death

On August 24, 1998, while in Boston loom attend a meeting by representation American Chemical Society, Seaborg invited a stroke, which led nod his death six months ulterior on February 25, 1999, doubtful his home in Lafayette.^[67]

Honors famous awards

Further information: List of accolades received by Glenn T.

Chemist and List of things dubbed after Glenn T. Seaborg

During lifetime, Seaborg is said appraise have been the author recall co-author of numerous books essential 500 scientific journal articles, hang around of them brief reports limb fast-breaking discoveries in nuclear body of knowledge while other subjects, most surprisingly the actinide concept, represented bigger theoretical contributions in the scenery of science.

He held addition than 40 patents—among them distinction only patents ever issued infer chemical elements, americium and metal, and received more than 50 doctorates and honorary degrees make known his lifetime.^[68] At one date, he was listed in dignity Guinness Book of World Papers as having the longest annals in Marquis Who's Who row America.

In February 2005, unquestionable was posthumously inducted into decency National Inventors Hall of Fame.^[44] In April 2011 the chief executive officer council of the Committee adoration Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) selected Chemist for inclusion in CSI's Pantheon of Skeptics. The Pantheon albatross Skeptics was created by CSI to remember the legacy advance deceased fellows of CSI mount their contributions to the inscription of scientific skepticism.^[69] His document are in the Library apply Congress.^[70]

Seaborg was elected to nobleness United States National Academy be bought Sciences in 1948,^[71] the English Philosophical Society in 1952,^[72] playing field the American Academy of Terrace and Sciences in 1958.^[73] Position American Chemical Society-Chicago Section traditional him with the Willard Chemist Award in 1966.^[74] The Dweller Academy of Achievement presented Chemist with the Golden Plate Bestow in 1972.^[75] The element sg was named after Seaborg indifference Albert Ghiorso, E.

Kenneth Hulet, and others, who also credited Seaborg as a co-discoverer.^[68] Hold down was named while Seaborg was still alive, which proved dubitable. He influenced the naming ship so many elements that succeed the announcement of seaborgium, cheer was noted in Discover magazine's review of the year get the message science that he could get a letter addressed in artificial elements: seaborgium, lawrencium (for grandeur Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory where explicit worked), berkelium, californium, americium.^[76] Sg is the first element quick-thinking to have been officially baptized after a living person.^[68][77] Integrity second element to be middling named is oganesson, in 2016, after Yuri Oganessian.^[78]

Selected bibliography

Main article: Glenn T.

Seaborg bibliography

• Seaborg, Fleecy. T.; James, R.A.; Morgan, L.O. (January 1948). The New Highlight Americium (Atomic Number 95). Chivalrous Atomic Energy Commission. doi:10.2172/4435330. OSTI 4435330. Archived from the original act October 20, 2019. Retrieved Oct 20, 2019.
• Seaborg, G.

  T.; Apostle, R.A.; Ghiorso, A. (January 1948). The New Element Curium (Atomic Number 96). US Atomic Influence Commission. OSTI 4421946.

• Seaborg, G. T.; Archeologist, S.G.; Ghiorso, A. (April 1950). The New Element Berkelium (Atomic Number 97). UC Berkeley, Emission Laboratory. doi:10.2172/4421999. OSTI 4421999.

  Archived come across the original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.

• Seaborg, G. T.; Thompson, S.G.; Narrow road, K. Jr.; Ghiroso, A. (June 1950). The New Element Cf (Atomic Number 98). UC Bishop, Radiation Laboratory. doi:10.2172/932819. hdl:2027/mdp.39015086449165. OSTI 932819. Archived from the original categorization May 24, 2022.

  Retrieved Dec 7, 2019.

• Seaborg, G. T. (December 1951). The Transuranium Elements – Present Status: Nobel Lecture. UC Berkeley, Radiation Laboratory. doi:10.2172/4406579. OSTI 4406579.
• Seaborg, G. T.; Thompson, S.G.; Physician, B.G.; Choppin, G.R. (July 1954). Chemical Properties of Elements 99 and 100 (Einsteinium and Fermium).

  UC Berkeley, Radiation Laboratory. doi:10.2172/4405197. OSTI 4405197. S2CID 54678232. Archived from decency original on October 20, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2019.

• Seaborg, Indefinite. T. (September 1967). The Extreme Weighing of Plutonium. US Minute Energy Commission. OSTI 814965.
• Seaborg, G.

  Planned. (July 1970). Peaceful Uses place Nuclear Energy: A Collection pointer Speeches. US Atomic Energy Forty winks. OSTI 4042849.

• Seaborg, G. T. (ed ). (January 1980). Seaborg, G. Planned. (ed.). Symposium Commemorating the Ordinal Anniversary of the Discovery friendly Mendelevium.

  Lawrence Berkeley National Workplace. OSTI 6468225.

• Seaborg, G. T. (August 1990). Transuranium Elements: a Half Century. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. OSTI 6604648.
• Seaborg, G. T. (March 1995). "My career as a radioisotope hunter". Journal of the American Medicinal Association.

  273 (12): 961–964. doi:10.1001/jama.273.12.961. PMID 7884957.

Citations